Composti chimici e loro formule

Questo elenco riporta la formula, il nome, l’uso più noto e la massa molare di 187 composti chimici comuni. Filtralo per nome o formula, oppure apri il cercatore di composti per esplorare circa 2500 composti in base agli elementi che contengono.

Composti comuni

I nomi e gli usi dei composti sono mostrati in inglese.

Formula	Nome	Noto per	Massa molare (g/mol)	Elementi
H₂O	Water	Universal solvent	18,015	H, O
H₂O₂	Hydrogen peroxide	Bleach and disinfectant	34,014	H, O
CO₂	Carbon dioxide	Fizzy drinks, photosynthesis	44,009	C, O
CO	Carbon monoxide	Toxic combustion gas	28,01	C, O
O₃	Ozone	Shields Earth from UV	47,997	O
NH₃	Ammonia	Fertiliser feedstock	17,031	N, H
N₂O	Nitrous oxide	Laughing gas, anaesthetic	44,013	N, O
NO	Nitric oxide	Signalling molecule in the body	30,006	N, O
NO₂	Nitrogen dioxide	Brown smog	46,005	N, O
SO₂	Sulfur dioxide	Wine preservative, acid rain	64,068	S, O
SO₃	Sulfur trioxide	Makes sulfuric acid	80,067	S, O
H₂S	Hydrogen sulfide	Rotten-egg smell	34,086	H, S
HCN	Hydrogen cyanide	Highly toxic gas	27,026	H, C, N
SF₆	Sulfur hexafluoride	Electrical insulator gas	146,06	S, F
PH₃	Phosphine	Fumigant	33,998	P, H
SiH₄	Silane	Semiconductor manufacturing	32,117	Si, H
AsH₃	Arsine	Doping gas for semiconductors	77,946	As, H
N₂H₄	Hydrazine	Rocket propellant	32,046	N, H
ClO₂	Chlorine dioxide	Water treatment	67,448	Cl, O
CH₄	Methane	Natural gas	16,043	C, H
C₂H₆	Ethane	Petrochemical feedstock	30,07	C, H
C₃H₈	Propane	Barbecue and heating fuel	44,097	C, H
C₄H₁₀	Butane	Lighter fuel	58,124	C, H
C₈H₁₈	Octane	Petrol component	114,232	C, H
C₂H₄	Ethylene	Makes polyethylene, ripens fruit	28,054	C, H
C₂H₂	Acetylene	Welding torches	26,038	C, H
C₆H₆	Benzene	Aromatic solvent	78,114	C, H
C₇H₈	Toluene	Paint thinner	92,141	C, H
C₁₀H₈	Naphthalene	Mothballs	128,174	C, H
CH₃OH	Methanol	Wood alcohol, fuel	32,042	C, H, O
C₂H₅OH	Ethanol	Drinking alcohol, biofuel	46,069	C, H, O
C₂H₆O₂	Ethylene glycol	Antifreeze	62,068	C, H, O
C₃H₈O₃	Glycerol	Soaps and cosmetics	92,094	C, H, O
CH₂O	Formaldehyde	Preservative, resins	30,026	C, H, O
C₃H₆O	Acetone	Nail-polish remover	58,08	C, H, O
CH₃COOH	Acetic acid	Vinegar	60,052	C, H, O
C₆H₈O₇	Citric acid	Citrus fruits	192,123	C, H, O
C₃H₆O₃	Lactic acid	Sour milk, muscles	90,078	C, H, O
C₆H₅OH	Phenol	Antiseptic, plastics	94,113	C, H, O
C₆H₁₂O₆	Glucose	Blood sugar	180,156	C, H, O
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁	Sucrose	Table sugar	342,297	C, H, O
CO(NH₂)₂	Urea	Fertiliser	60,056	C, O, N, H
C₂H₅NO₂	Glycine	Simplest amino acid	75,067	C, H, N, O
C₂₇H₄₆O	Cholesterol	Cell membranes	386,664	C, H, O
C₈H₁₀N₄O₂	Caffeine	Coffee and tea	194,194	C, H, N, O
C₁₀H₁₄N₂	Nicotine	Tobacco	162,236	C, H, N
C₉H₈O₄	Aspirin	Pain reliever	180,159	C, H, O
C₈H₉NO₂	Paracetamol	Pain reliever	151,165	C, H, N, O
C₁₃H₁₈O₂	Ibuprofen	Anti-inflammatory	206,285	C, H, O
C₃H₅N₃O₉	Nitroglycerin	Explosive, heart medicine	227,085	C, H, N, O
C₇H₅N₃O₆	TNT (trinitrotoluene)	Explosive	227,132	C, H, N, O
CCl₄	Carbon tetrachloride	Former dry-cleaning solvent	153,811	C, Cl
CHCl₃	Chloroform	Solvent, early anaesthetic	119,369	C, H, Cl
COCl₂	Phosgene	Makes plastics	98,91	C, O, Cl
C₂H₃Cl	Vinyl chloride	Makes PVC	62,496	C, H, Cl
C₂F₄	Tetrafluoroethylene	Makes PTFE (Teflon)	100,016	C, F
C₇H₅BiO₄	Bismuth subsalicylate	Stomach remedy	362,093	C, H, Bi, O
HCl	Hydrogen chloride	Hydrochloric acid, stomach acid	36,458	H, Cl
HF	Hydrogen fluoride	Etches glass	20,006	H, F
HBr	Hydrogen bromide	Strong acid	80,908	H, Br
HI	Hydrogen iodide	Strong acid	127,912	H, I
H₂SO₄	Sulfuric acid	Car batteries, most-made chemical	98,082	H, S, O
HNO₃	Nitric acid	Fertilisers and explosives	63,012	H, N, O
H₃PO₄	Phosphoric acid	Cola drinks, rust removal	97,994	H, P, O
H₂CO₃	Carbonic acid	Carbonated water	62,024	H, C, O
H₃BO₃	Boric acid	Antiseptic, insecticide	61,831	H, B, O
NaOH	Sodium hydroxide	Lye, soap making	39,997	Na, O, H
KOH	Potassium hydroxide	Alkaline batteries	56,105	K, O, H
LiOH	Lithium hydroxide	Battery cathodes, CO₂ scrubbers	24,007	Li, O, H
Ca(OH)₂	Calcium hydroxide	Slaked lime, mortar	74,094	Ca, O, H
Mg(OH)₂	Magnesium hydroxide	Milk of magnesia	58,319	Mg, O, H
NaCl	Sodium chloride	Table salt	58,44	Na, Cl
KCl	Potassium chloride	Salt substitute, fertiliser	74,548	K, Cl
CaCl₂	Calcium chloride	Road de-icer	110,98	Ca, Cl
MgCl₂	Magnesium chloride	De-icer, tofu coagulant	95,205	Mg, Cl
NaHCO₃	Sodium bicarbonate	Baking soda	84,006	Na, H, C, O
Na₂CO₃	Sodium carbonate	Washing soda, glass making	105,988	Na, C, O
CaCO₃	Calcium carbonate	Limestone, chalk, marble	100,088	Ca, C, O
CaO	Calcium oxide	Quicklime, cement	56,079	Ca, O
CaSO₄·2H₂O	Gypsum	Plaster and drywall	172,176	Ca, S, O, H
MgSO₄·7H₂O	Epsom salt	Bath salts	246,476	Mg, S, O, H
MgO	Magnesium oxide	Furnace linings, antacid	40,304	Mg, O
Na₂SO₄	Sodium sulfate	Detergents	142,046	Na, S, O
Na₂S₂O₃	Sodium thiosulfate	Photographic fixer	158,117	Na, S, O
NaClO	Sodium hypochlorite	Household bleach	74,439	Na, Cl, O
NaF	Sodium fluoride	Toothpaste	41,988	Na, F
SnF₂	Tin(II) fluoride	Toothpaste	156,707	Sn, F
Na₂PO₃F	Sodium monofluorophosphate	Toothpaste	143,949	Na, P, O, F
CaF₂	Calcium fluoride	Fluorite, optics	78,077	Ca, F
KI	Potassium iodide	Iodised salt, radiation protection	166,003	K, I
KNO₃	Potassium nitrate	Saltpeter, gunpowder	101,102	K, N, O
NaNO₃	Sodium nitrate	Fertiliser, food preservative	84,994	Na, N, O
NH₄NO₃	Ammonium nitrate	Fertiliser	80,043	N, H, O
NH₄Cl	Ammonium chloride	Sal ammoniac, salty licorice	53,489	N, H, Cl
(NH₄)₂SO₄	Ammonium sulfate	Fertiliser	132,144	N, H, S, O
KClO₃	Potassium chlorate	Matches and fireworks	122,545	K, Cl, O
KMnO₄	Potassium permanganate	Disinfectant, oxidiser	158,032	K, Mn, O
K₂Cr₂O₇	Potassium dichromate	Oxidising agent	294,182	K, Cr, O
NaCN	Sodium cyanide	Gold mining	49,008	Na, C, N
KCN	Potassium cyanide	Electroplating	65,116	K, C, N
NaN₃	Sodium azide	Car airbags	65,011	Na, N
Na₂SiO₃	Sodium silicate	Water glass, cements	122,062	Na, Si, O
Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O	Borax	Cleaning, slime	381,363	Na, B, O, H
Li₂CO₃	Lithium carbonate	Mood stabiliser, batteries	74,008	Li, C, O
LiCoO₂	Lithium cobalt oxide	Phone battery cathodes	97,931	Li, Co, O
LiFePO₄	Lithium iron phosphate	EV battery cathodes	157,81	Li, Fe, P, O
LiAlH₄	Lithium aluminium hydride	Reducing agent	38,014	Li, Al, H
NaBH₄	Sodium borohydride	Reducing agent	37,832	Na, B, H
BaSO₄	Barium sulfate	X-ray contrast meal	233,396	Ba, S, O
SrCO₃	Strontium carbonate	Red fireworks	147,628	Sr, C, O
CsCl	Caesium chloride	Density gradients in labs	168,355	Cs, Cl
RbCl	Rubidium chloride	Biochemistry research	120,918	Rb, Cl
Tl₂SO₄	Thallium(I) sulfate	Former rat poison	504,832	Tl, S, O
BeO	Beryllium oxide	Heat-conducting ceramic	25,011	Be, O
Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈	Beryl	Emerald and aquamarine	537,492	Be, Al, Si, O
SiO₂	Silicon dioxide	Quartz, sand, glass	60,083	Si, O
SiC	Silicon carbide	Abrasives, power electronics	40,096	Si, C
BN	Boron nitride	Super-hard ceramic	24,817	B, N
Al₂O₃	Aluminium oxide	Corundum, sapphire, ruby	101,96	Al, O
AlCl₃	Aluminium chloride	Antiperspirant, catalyst	133,332	Al, Cl
TiO₂	Titanium dioxide	White pigment, sunscreen	79,865	Ti, O
ZnO	Zinc oxide	Sunscreen, rubber	81,399	Zn, O
ZnS	Zinc sulfide	Glow-in-the-dark paint	97,47	Zn, S
Fe₂O₃	Iron(III) oxide	Rust, hematite	159,677	Fe, O
Fe₃O₄	Iron(II,III) oxide	Magnetite	231,516	Fe, O
FeS₂	Iron pyrite	Fool's gold	119,98	Fe, S
FeSO₄	Iron(II) sulfate	Iron supplements	151,906	Fe, S, O
CuO	Copper(II) oxide	Ceramic glazes	79,549	Cu, O
Cu₂O	Copper(I) oxide	Antifouling paint	143,099	Cu, O
CuSO₄·5H₂O	Copper(II) sulfate	Blue vitriol, fungicide	249,691	Cu, S, O, H
MnO₂	Manganese dioxide	Alkaline batteries	86,936	Mn, O
Cr₂O₃	Chromium(III) oxide	Green pigment	151,989	Cr, O
CoCl₂	Cobalt(II) chloride	Humidity indicator	129,833	Co, Cl
NiSO₄	Nickel(II) sulfate	Nickel plating	154,759	Ni, S, O
V₂O₅	Vanadium pentoxide	Sulfuric-acid catalyst	181,878	V, O
Sc₂O₃	Scandium oxide	High-intensity lamps	137,909	Sc, O
ZrO₂	Zirconium dioxide	Cubic zirconia, dental crowns	123,218	Zr, O
HfO₂	Hafnium dioxide	Transistor gate insulator	210,488	Hf, O
Nb₂O₅	Niobium pentoxide	Capacitors, optical glass	265,808	Nb, O
Ta₂O₅	Tantalum pentoxide	Capacitors	441,891	Ta, O
MoS₂	Molybdenum disulfide	Dry lubricant	160,09	Mo, S
WC	Tungsten carbide	Cutting tools	195,851	W, C
RuO₂	Ruthenium dioxide	Resistors, electrodes	133,098	Ru, O
RhCl₃	Rhodium(III) chloride	Catalyst precursor	209,256	Rh, Cl
PdCl₂	Palladium(II) chloride	Catalyst precursor	177,32	Pd, Cl
OsO₄	Osmium tetroxide	Staining for microscopy	254,196	Os, O
IrO₂	Iridium(IV) oxide	Electrolysis electrodes	224,218	Ir, O
Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂	Cisplatin	Cancer drug	300,042	Pt, N, H, Cl
AgNO₃	Silver nitrate	Antiseptic, mirror making	169,872	Ag, N, O
AgCl	Silver chloride	Photochromic lenses	143,318	Ag, Cl
AgBr	Silver bromide	Photographic film	187,768	Ag, Br
Ag₂S	Silver sulfide	Tarnish on silver	247,806	Ag, S
AuCl₃	Gold(III) chloride	Gold refining	303,317	Au, Cl
CdS	Cadmium sulfide	Yellow pigment	144,48	Cd, S
CdTe	Cadmium telluride	Thin-film solar cells	240,01	Cd, Te
HgS	Cinnabar	Vermilion pigment, mercury ore	232,66	Hg, S
HgCl₂	Mercury(II) chloride	Former disinfectant	271,49	Hg, Cl
GaAs	Gallium arsenide	LEDs and solar cells	144,645	Ga, As
GaN	Gallium nitride	Blue LEDs, fast chargers	83,73	Ga, N
InP	Indium phosphide	Fibre-optic lasers	145,792	In, P
GeO₂	Germanium dioxide	Optical fibres	104,628	Ge, O
SnO₂	Tin(IV) oxide	Gas sensors, glazes	150,708	Sn, O
PbS	Galena	Main lead ore	239,07	Pb, S
PbO	Lead(II) oxide	Lead-acid batteries, crystal glass	222,999	Pb, O
Sb₂S₃	Stibnite	Antimony ore, matches	339,73	Sb, S
SeO₂	Selenium dioxide	Oxidising agent	110,968	Se, O
TeO₂	Tellurium dioxide	Acousto-optic crystals	159,598	Te, O
P₄O₁₀	Phosphorus pentoxide	Drying agent	283,885	P, O
I₂O₅	Iodine pentoxide	Carbon monoxide detection	333,804	I, O
BrF₃	Bromine trifluoride	Fluorinating agent	136,895	Br, F
La₂O₃	Lanthanum oxide	Camera-lens glass	325,808	La, O
CeO₂	Cerium(IV) oxide	Glass polishing, catalytic converters	172,114	Ce, O
Nd₂Fe₁₄B	Neodymium magnet	Strongest permanent magnets	1081,05	Nd, Fe, B
Eu₂O₃	Europium oxide	Red phosphor, euro banknotes	351,925	Eu, O
Gd₂O₃	Gadolinium oxide	MRI contrast research, phosphors	362,497	Gd, O
YBa₂Cu₃O₇	YBCO	High-temperature superconductor	666,209	Y, Ba, Cu, O
ThO₂	Thorium dioxide	Gas mantles, nuclear fuel	264,036	Th, O
UO₂	Uranium dioxide	Nuclear reactor fuel	270,027	U, O
UF₆	Uranium hexafluoride	Uranium enrichment	352,019	U, F
PuO₂	Plutonium dioxide	Spacecraft power (RTGs)	276,062	Pu, O
AmO₂	Americium dioxide	Smoke detectors	275,059	Am, O
NaTcO₄	Sodium pertechnetate	Medical imaging	183,892	Na, Tc, O
PoO₂	Polonium dioxide	Alpha-particle sources	240,98	Po, O
RaCl₂	Radium chloride	Early radiotherapy	296,925	Ra, Cl
XeF₄	Xenon tetrafluoride	One of the first noble-gas compounds	207,284	Xe, F
KrF₂	Krypton difluoride	Powerful fluorinating agent	121,797	Kr, F
HArF	Argon fluorohydride	The only known argon compound	59,906	H, Ar, F

Scegli uno o più elementi sulla tavola periodica interattiva per vedere tutti i composti del nostro elenco che li contengono tutti.

Apri il cercatore di composti

Che cos’è un composto chimico?

Un composto è una sostanza formata da due o più elementi uniti da legami chimici in un rapporto fisso. L’acqua ha sempre due atomi di idrogeno per ogni atomo di ossigeno, qualunque sia la sua origine. Un composto ha proprietà proprie, spesso molto diverse da quelle dei suoi elementi: il sodio è un metallo reattivo e il cloro un gas tossico, eppure insieme formano il sale da cucina.

Come leggere una formula chimica

Una formula elenca i simboli degli elementi di un composto, e il pedice dopo un simbolo indica il numero di atomi. H₂SO₄ ha 2 atomi di idrogeno, 1 di zolfo e 4 di ossigeno. Le parentesi raggruppano atomi che si ripetono, quindi Ca(OH)₂ contiene due gruppi OH. Un punto indica l’acqua di cristallizzazione: CuSO₄·5H₂O ha cinque molecole d’acqua per unità di formula.

Massa molare

La massa molare è la massa di una mole di un composto, in grammi. È la somma delle masse atomiche di tutti gli atomi della formula: per l’acqua, 2 × 1,008 + 15,999 = 18,015 g/mol. Usa il calcolatore di massa molare per qualsiasi altra formula.

Domande sui composti

Che differenza c’è tra un composto e una miscela?

In un composto gli elementi sono legati chimicamente in un rapporto fisso e si possono separare solo con una reazione chimica. In una miscela, come l’aria o l’acqua salata, le sostanze conservano le proprie proprietà e si possono separare con mezzi fisici.

Che differenza c’è tra una molecola e un composto?

Una molecola è formata da due o più atomi legati tra loro. Un composto è una sostanza formata da più di un elemento. L’ossigeno gassoso (O2) è una molecola ma non un composto; l’acqua (H2O) è entrambe le cose.

Come si calcola la massa molare di un composto?

Moltiplica la massa atomica di ogni elemento per il numero dei suoi atomi nella formula e somma i risultati. Per l’anidride carbonica, CO2: 12,011 + 2 × 15,999 = 44,009 g/mol.